in criminology, the broken windows theory states that visible signs of crime, antisocial behavior and civil disorder create an urban environment that encourages further crime and disorder, including serious crimes. the theory suggests that policing methods that target minor crimes, such as vandalism, loitering, public drinking and fare evasion, help to create an atmosphere of order and lawfulness.

in russian, the word glasnost has long been used to mean 'openness' and 'transparency'. in the mid-1980s, it was popularised by mikhail gorbachev as a political slogan for increased government transparency in the soviet union within the framework of perestroika, and the word came to be used in english in the latter meaning.

the literal meaning of perestroika is "restructuring", referring to the restructuring of the political economy of the soviet union, in an attempt to end the era of stagnation.

the pearl index (named after the american scientist raymond pearl) is the measure of the safety of contraceptives: the smaller the pearl index, the safer the method of contraception.

in the very act of wrongdoing, especially in an act of sexual misconduct.

until the maximum amount has been extracted.

an unfounded rumour or story.

beliefs about psychology that have no basis in fact; psychological prejudices, amateur psychology.

a term popularized by american political scientist graham t. allison to describe an apparent tendency towards war when an emerging power threatens to displace an existing great power as a regional or international hegemon.e.g. maybe china to usa in c21st.

an internet adage asserting: "as an online discussion grows longer, the probability of a comparison involving nazis or hitler approaches 1."

from the latin phrase "ante bellum," which literally means before the war | most commonly used to describe before the american civl war e.g. white supremacy and slavery

overlap or cause to overlap

using a part to represent a whole, or a whole to represent a part | e.g. cutthroat to refer to an assassin

sensitive to sexual stimulation | part of the body

a statement or proposition which is regarded as being established, accepted, or self-evidently true

nothing is achieved by empty words or flattery.

[i.e. very mournful people] - used with allusion to the wearing of sackcloth and having ashes sprinkled on the head as a sign of penitence or mourning (matt 11:21).

dissembling or equivocating, in the manner once associated with jesuits.

a person who is guilty of the very thing of which they accuse another and is thus an example of psychological projection or hypocrisy.

especially of an old person bad-tempered and negative.

extremely idealistic; unrealistic and impractical.

an english idiom which means "attacking imaginary enemies", originating from miguel de cervantes' early 17th century novel don quixote and from the romantic, ill-thought-out actions of the story's hero of the same name.

having or encouraging an excessive interest in sexual matters, especially the sexual activity of others. "she'd been the subject of much prurient curiosity"

underhand, unscrupulous, or dishonest behaviour or activities

if you say that someone is doing something with bravura, you mean that they are using unnecessary extra actions that emphasize their skill or importance.

condescending or superior in manner

to complain often or constantly

the quality of audacity, for good or for bad

a compromise of intellectual integrity by members of an intelligentsia

a member of a mafia family who serves as an adviser to the leader and resolves disputes within the family.

the english vice, especially flagellation, sadomasochism, and homosexuality

a person or thing strongly detested or avoided

a feeling of pride and mutual loyalty shared by the members of a group - "they developed some esprit de corps through athletics competitions"

international trade creates an interdependence that deters wars

a final blow or shot given to kill a wounded person or animal / an action or event that serves as the culmination of a bad or deteriorating situation

a french phrase meaning the attraction to low-life culture, experience, and degradation, found at times both in individuals and in cultural movements

a person who exercises power or influence in a certain sphere without holding an official position.

characterized by or given to drunken revelry

an unintended consequence of attempts to hide, remove, or censor information, where the effort instead increases public awareness of the information.

a) a procedure in which liquid or gas is injected into the rectum, to expel its contents or to introduce drugs or permit x-ray imaging b) a headache induced by the knowledge of contending with a large wordcount

relating to a tomb or interment; gloomy; dismal.

something that is worthless

uncontrollably exuberant; boisterous

an informal term for a celebratory meal or party.

a journey, especially a long or meandering one.

speak or write about (something) with great hostility

a name or title | 'the pearl of the orient'

of a phrase or idea | overused and unoriginal

a dance for one person

a dive or prophetic token | 'conducted under unfavourable auspices'

relating to or characterized by an oedipus complex | 'an oedipal seduction'

an artistic work that in style imitates that of another artist, period or style

something smelling extremely unpleasant

relating to or forming an axis

vivid verbal description of a work of art

lively and playful | 'i do feel frolicsome in the morning'

relating to the talmud | the collection of ancient jewish laws and traditions

the ability to be easily carried or moved

the highest or best part of something

offence or annoyance | 'she took umbrage at fred's remarks'

using very few words

the secondary meaning of an oppressive or horrid atmosphere | in greek the word means 'pollution.' it had the power to corrupt and destroy a whole society, it was a corrosive force beyond almost the power of physics that could only be purged with sacrifice. death, blood, menstrual blood, fratricide, matricide all released the 'pollution' of miasma. why was the ancient city of thebes so cursed? incest, patricide etc etc.....

a social and political philosophy that champions family farming, local agriculture and favours a local community | e.g. jeffersonian democracy in the usa and its worship of famers/their linchpin as what america represents

habitually practicing mimesis

to give an individual an excess of flattery

a thing of incandescent beauty | yet to be tangible to human consumption

(of an organisation or system) large, powerful, indivisible, and slow to change

lengthy harsh bitter criticism or abuse | interestingly no relation to vitriol as the latin origin for each word although similar in sound mean two different things. vitium which translates to “fault” spawned vituperation; vitrum translated is “glass” with vitriol’s archaic definition being sulphate

great passion | e.g. mr darcy: ‘how ardently i desire’

of, relating to, or involving biblical interpretation stressing moral metaphor

critical explanation or interpretation of a text. usually biblical works | shout out carolyn dinshaw

synonymous with bucolic, pastoral | relates to arcadia in greece

relating to or characteristic of the english poet john milton or his works | e.g. paradise lost

of lower status

any form of activity, conduct, or process that involves signs, including the production of meaning

of, being, or relating to any group that has been dispersed outside its traditional homeland, either involuntarily or by migration

shaded or enclosed

the making of myths

the inability to decide between different opinions or actions; indecision

having the same age or date of origin; contemporary

producing or capable of producing an abundance of offspring or new growth; highly fertile

(especially of fabric) light, delicate, and translucent

a piece of land attached to a manor and retained by the owner for their own use

something that is one's duty or responsibility

an extremely confused, complicated, or embarrassing situation

demonstrating aggression and willingness to fight

buying or selling of something spiritual or closely connected with the spiritual. more widely, it is any contract of this kind forbidden by divine or ecclesiastical law

having a fantastic or deceptive appearance, as something in a dream or created by the imagination

the tendency to lay down principles as undeniably true, without consideration of evidence or the opinions of others

a person who is excessively concerned with minor details and rules or with displaying academic learning

wonky (of a nose)

studied carelessness | especially in literary form

naive, simplistic | dull

recorded background music characterized by soft, soothing instrumental sounds

excessively sweet or sickeningly sentimental

containing boric acid | skint (cockney rhyming sl.)

tending to change quickly or easily

showing or motivated by susceptibility to bribery; corrupt

sleepwalking

instruct or improve someone intellectually or morally

something reused or altered but still bearing visible traces of its earlier form

very unhappy and unable to be comforted

contemptibly lacking in courage | cowardly

a fly that bites livestock | a person who annoys or criticizes others in order to provoke them into action

a fixed grimace or grin

a change of circumstances or fortune, typically one that is unwelcome or unpleasant.

loud noise | uproar | instil

having a strong, pleasant taste | (of talk or writing) pleasant or interesting

(of light) flash or sparkle

an unpleasant smell | an oppressive or unpleasant atmosphere which emanates from something

a trite statement that is intended to soothe or placate

a foolish, awkward, or clumsy person

behaving or looking as though one thinks one is superior to others

the action of forbidding or prohibiting something

a personal possession

recover over a period of time | recuperate

relating to the pleasant aspects of the countryside & country life

lacking energy or enthusiasm | lethargic

deceitful and untrustworthy. ‘a perfidious lover’

unruly

referring to sexual matters in an amusingly coarse way | risqué, bawdy

jump, dance round excitedly | skip

turning around to face the opposite direction | abrupt reversal of attitude

feeling elated and carefree in anticipation of the end of any onerous or unpleasant period

tending to stifle enthusiasm, initiative, or freedom of action.

unavoidable

just the little things

abhorrent, odious

defame

grow weak | deteriorate

a body of troops standing of formation

showing a rude or arrogant lack of respect

cheerful and full of energy

untruthfulness

showing great care and perseverance | diligent

usually of writing, tediously lengthy

(esp. of a comment or style of speaking) sharp and forthright | sarcastic | sardonic | cutting

a deep-seated feeling of aversion | hostility

expressing or intending to promote a (controversial) cause or point of view

harshness in tone or manner

extremely greedy esp. for money

a long stick used for beating

a pithy observation which contains a general truth

a person who cultivates an area of interest, such as the arts, without real commitment or knowledge | amateur

a state or feeling of active opposition or hostility

hard to control or deal with

to exist essentially or permanently in

something of cheap or inferior quality | junk

grimly mocking or cynical

unpleasantly bright in colour, especially a harsh or unnatural effect | garish

showing or expressing gratitude, pleasure, or approval in an unrestrained or heartfelt manner

showing a casual lack of concern | nonchalant